Research Publications
Neurofeedback has a strong evidence base, with decades of research detailing its impact on clinical outcomes.
There are over 3,500 published papers on neurofeedback, including animal studies, reversal designs, and random treatment assignment.
There are studies regarding neurofeedback for a wide variety of concerns.
Recent Research Highlights
ILF-neurofeedback in clinical practice: examining symptom change and performance metrics across diagnostic groups
Theis, T., Bolduan, U., Seuß, S., Spallek, J., Wandernoth, B., & Mayer-Pelinski, R. (2025).
This large clinical practice study evaluated infra-low frequency (ILF) neurofeedback across multiple diagnostic groups and found significant symptom improvements and performance gains, providing broad evidence for the effectiveness of ILF neurofeedback in routine clinical practice.
Infra-low frequency neurofeedback impact on post-concussive symptoms of headache, insomnia and attention disorder: Results of a randomized control trial
Carlson, J., Ross, G.W., Tyrrell, C., Fiame, B., Nunokawa, C., Siriwardhana, C., & Schaper, K. (2025).
This randomized controlled trial examined the effects of Infra-Low Frequency (ILF) Neurofeedback on Veterans with chronic post-concussive symptoms, including headaches, sleep disturbances, and attention difficulties. The ILF group showed significant improvements across all primary outcomes compared to the control group, offering strong evidence for ILF neurofeedback as an effective non-invasive treatment for mTBI-related symptoms.
Research Publication on the NAP's Results Tracking System
​
Abstract: There is a crisis in mental health. The demand for services is huge; the efficacy of current services is lacking, and the traditional path to developing effective treatments is not working. This paper describes an approach based on implementing infra-low frequency (ILF) neurofeedback in agencies that work with the underserved and collecting data on clients' concerns, behavior, quality of life, and cognitive performance. We also track session-by-session changes in client concerns and their relation to ILF neurofeedback protocols. Results are reviewed for over 300 clients seen in such agencies. Limitations and future directions are discussed for this model.
Citation: Fleischman, MJ (2022). Documenting the Impact of Infra Low-Frequency Neurofeedback on Underserved Populations With Complex Clinical Presentations. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:921491. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.921491 (Download)
Repository of Articles on Endogenous Neuromodulation in the Infra-Low Frequency Regime
​
This link contains recently published articles on InfraLow Frequency (ILF) Neurofeedback in the Frontiers in Human Neuroscience journal.
​
You'll find "Documenting the Impact of Infra Low Frequency Neurofeedback on Underserved Populations With Complex Clinical Presentations" by Matthew J. Fleischman, PhD, the Chair of the NAP's Board of Directors, as well as "Infra-low frequency neurofeedback in persistent postural-perceptual dizziness—Case report" by Roxana Sasu, the NAP's Executive Director.
​
InfraLow Frequency (ILF) Neurofeedback Overview, Mechanisms and Neurophysiology
de Matos, N. M. P., Stämpfli, P., Seifritz, E., & Brügger, M. (2026). Disassembling infra-low-frequency neurofeedback: A neurophysiological investigation of its feedback components. NeuroImage.
Asadpour, V. (2021) Training the Conductor of the Brainwave Symphony: In Search of a Common Mechanism of Action for All Methods of Neurofeedback. In Brain-Computer Interface (1-18), Markovics, J.A.
Seuß, S. & Riederle, J. (2021). Experiences with Neurofeedback in Therapeutic Practice. Praxis Ergotherapie, 34.
Segler, K. (2020). The Science Behind Our Model: The Development of the Othmer Method. BEE Medic & Neurofeedback Scotland.
Grin-Yatsenko, V., Kara, O., Evdokimov, S., Gregory, M., Othmer, S. & Kropotov, J. (2020). Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback Modulates Infra-Slow Oscillations of Brain Potentials: A Controlled Study. Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Research, 4, 1-11.
Dobrushina, O. et al. (2020). Modulation of Intrinsic Brain Connectivity by Implicit Electroencephalographic Neurofeedback. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 14: 192.
Dobrushina, O. R. et al. (2018) Exploring the brain contour of implicit infra-low frequency EEG neurofeedback: a resting state fMRI study. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 131, S76.
Grin-Yatsenko, V. A., Ponomarev, V. A., Kara, O., Wandernoth, B., Gregory, M., Ilyukhina, V. A., & Kropotov, J. D. (2018). Effect of Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback on Infra-Slow EEG Fluctuations. In Biofeedback. IntechOpen
Download
Sitaram, R., Ros, T., Stoeckel, L., Haller, S., Scharnowski, F., Lewis-Peacock, J., Weiskopf, N., Blefari, M., Rona, M., Oblka, E., Birbaumer, N. & Sulzer, J. (2017). Closed-loop brain training: the science of neurofeedback. Nature Review Neuroscience, 18(2), 86 -100.
Arina, G., Osina, E., Dobrushina, O. & Aziatskaya, G. (2017). Sham-neurofeedback as an intervention: Placebo or nocebo? European Psychiatry, 41, 253-254.
Altan, S., Berberoglu, B., Canan, S. & Dane, S. (2016). Effects of neurofeedback therapy in healthy young subjects. Clin invest Med 39, 27–30.
Dobrushina, O. et al. (2015). The effect of Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback on default mode network of the brain. Conference paper at Applied Neuroscience and Social Well being, Moscow. (in Russian).
Othmer S., Othmer S.F., Kaiser D. & Putman J. (2013). Endogenous Neuromodulation at Infra-Low Frequencies. Seminars in Paediatric Neurology, 20(4), 246-257.
Legarda S., McMahon D., Othmer S. & Othmer SF. (2011). Clinical Neurofeedback: Case Studies, Proposed Mechanism and Implication for Paediatric Neurology Practice. Journal of Child Neurology, 26(8), 1045-1051.
Othmer S., Othmer SF. & Legarda S. (2011). Clinical Neurofeedback: Training Brain Behavior. Pediatric Neurology and Psychiatry, 2, 67-73.
ILF Neurofeedback in Latest Clinical Application
Theis, T., Bolduan, U., Seuß, S., Spallek, J., Wandernoth, B., & Mayer-Pelinski, R. (2025). ILF-neurofeedback in clinical practice: examining symptom change and performance metrics across diagnostic groups. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience.
ADDICTION
Corominas-Roso, M. et al. (2020). Benefits of EEG-Neurofeedback on the Modulation of Impulsivity in a Sample of Cocaine and Heroin Long-Term Abstinent Inmates: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 64(12), 1275-1298.
​
Leong, S. L., Vanneste, S., Lim, J., Smith, M., Manning, P., & De Ridder, D. (2018). A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel
trial of closed-loop infraslow brain training in food addiction. Scientific reports, 8(1), 1-9.
ADHD & AUTISM
Asadpour, V. (2021) Therapeutic Effect of Infra-Low-Frequency Neurofeedback Training on Children and Adolescents with ADHD. In Brain-Computer Interface (1-18), Schneider, H., Riderle, J. & Seuss, S.
​
Schneider, H., Alfred, A., Wandernoth, B. and Blunck, A. (2019): Therapeutic effect of Infra-Low-Frequency (ILF-) Neurofeedback training on Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit (Hyperkinetic) Disorder. Clinical Neurophysiology, 130, 8, e125-e126. Conference Abstract at the 63rd Annual Meeting of the German Society for Clinical Neurophysiology and Functional Imaging (DGKN)
​​
Flatz, T. & Gleußner, M. (2014). Neurofeedbacktherapie bei ADHS und Autismus. Pädiatrie & Pädologie 49, 22–27.
Othmer S. & Othmer S.F. (2011). Neurofeedback for the Autism Spectrum. In K. Siri and T. Lyons (Eds.), Cutting-Edge Therapies for Autism (262-267). Skyhorse Publishing.​
​
Coben, R., Linden, M. & Myers, T.E. (2010). Neurofeedback for Autistic Spectrum Disorder: A Review of the Literature. Applied Psychophysiology & Biofeedback, 35(1), 83-105.
DEPRESSION
Grin-Yatsenko, V. A. et al. (2018) Infra-low frequency neurofeedback in depression: Three case studies. NeuroRegulation 5, 30–42.
MIGRAINE
Dobrushina, O., Arina, G., Osina, E. & Aziatskaya, G. (2017). Clinical and psychological confirmation of stabilizing effect of neurofeedback in migraine. European Psychiatry, 41.
EATING DISORDERS
Chirita-Emandi, A., & Puiu, M. (2014). Outcomes of neurofeedback training in childhood obesity management: A pilot study. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 20(11), 831–837.
FIBROMYALGIA, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CONCUSSION
​Ingvaldsen, S. H. (2019). QEEG and Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback Training in Fibromyalgia: A Pilot Study (Master's thesis, NTNU).
Lamprecht, C. E. (2019). The effect of neurofeedback in post-concussion syndrome. Doctoral dissertation, Stellenbosch University.
​
Dobrushina, O. R., Varako, N. A., Kovyazina, M. S. & Zinchenko, Y. P. (2016). Combination of Neurofeedback and cognitive training in attention deficit due to multiple sclerosis. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 108, 118.
Trauma/PTSD
Gerge, A. (2020). A multifaceted case-vignette integrating neurofeedback and EMDR in the treatment of complex PTSD. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 4(3), 100157.
​
Rogel, A., Loomis, A. M., Hamlin, E., Hodgdon, H., Spinazzola, J., & van der Kolk, B. (2020). The Impact of Neurofeedback Training on Children With Developmental Trauma: A Randomized Controlled Study. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/tra0000648
​
van der Kolk, B., Hodgdon, H., Gapen, M., Musicaro, R., Suvak, M.K., Hamlin, E., & Spinazolla, J. (2016). A Randomized Controlled Study of Neurofeedback for Chronic PTSD. PLoS ONE 11(12): e0166752.Download
​
Nilsson, R. M. & Nilsson, V. (2014). Neurofeedback Treatment for Traumatized Refugees-A Pilot Study. Lund University, Department of Psychology.
​​​
Othmer, S., Othmer, S. F. & Legarda, S. B. (2011). Clinical Neurofeedback: Training Brain Behavior. Treat. Strateg. Pediatr. Neurol. Psychiatry 2, 67–73. ​​​
​
Othmer, S. & Othmer, S. F. (2009). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder—The Neurofeedback Remedy. Biofeedback 37, 24–31.
REFRACTORY NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS (EPILEPSY, CEREBRAL PALSY, AUTISM)
Strehl U., Birkle M., Wörz S. & Kotchoubey B. (2014). Sustained reduction of seizures in patients with intractable epilepsy after self-regulation training of slow cortical potentials - 10 years after. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 604.
​
Legarda, S. B., McMahon, D., Othmer, S. S. & Othmer, S. S. (2011). Clinical neurofeedback: Case studies, proposed mechanism, and implications for pediatric neurology practice. J. Child Neurol. 26, 1045–1051.
Download​
TINNITUS
​Güntensperger, D. (2018). Treatment of chronic tinnitus with neurofeedback. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Zurich). (Attn: they have primarily used frequency band NFB training in their studies and are (just) referring to ILF-NFB)
​
Leong, S. L., Vanneste, S., Lim, J., Smith, M., Manning, P., & De Ridder, D. (2018). A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel trial of closed-loop infraslow brain training in food addiction. Scientific reports, 8(1), 1-9.
​
Güntensperger, D., Thüring, C., Meyer, M., Neff, P. & Kleinjung, T. (2017). Neurofeedback for Tinnitus Treatment - Review and Current Concepts. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9,386. (Attn: they have primarily used frequency band NFB training in their studies and are (just) referring to ILF-NFB)
Prinz, W. (2015). Neurofeedbacktherapie als Spezialtherapieangebot. psychopraxis. neuropraxis 18, 180-183. (in German)
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI)
Carlson, J., Ross, G.W., Tyrrell, C., Fiame, B., Nunokawa, C., Siriwardhana, C., & Schaper, K. (2025). Infra-low frequency neurofeedback impact on post-concussive symptoms of headache, insomnia and attention disorder: Results of a randomized control trial
Carlson, J. & Ross, G.W. (2021). Neurofeedback Impact on Chronic Headache, Sleep, and Attention Disorders Experienced by Veterans with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Pilot Study. Biofeedback, 49(1), 2-9. Download
VIRTUAL REALITY NEUROFEEDBACK IN PAIN TREATMENT
Orakpo, N., Vieux, U. & Castro-Nunez, C. (2021). Case Report: Virtual Reality Neurofeedback Therapy as a Novel Modality for Sustained Analgesia in Centralized Pain Syndromes. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 418. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.660105
Books and Book Chapters on ILF Neurofeedback
Othmer S. (2019). Protocol Guide for Neurofeedback Clinicians, 7th Edition. EEG Info
Kirk H. (2015) Restoring the Brain: Neurofeedback as an Integrative Approach to Health. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. esp. Chapter 11, Neurofeedback in application to the ADHD spectrum, R. Sasu & S. Othmer
Othmer, S. & Othmer, S. F. (2011). Performance Enhancement Applications of Neurofeedback. In Case Studies in Applied Psychophysiology: Neurofeedback and Biofeedback Treatments for Advances in Human Performance 17–30. Wiley-Blackwell.​